System of transliteration

1- Transliteration                                        

Ā/ ā             آ                                           

TH              ث                           

J                  ج                       

CH              چ                           

KH              خ                              

ḥ                 ح                             

Dh              ذ                              

Ṣ/ṣ             ص                         

Sh                  ش                      

Ḍ/ḍ            ض                                                                              

Ẓ/ẓ              ظ                          

Ṭ/ṭ              ط                          

Gh               غ                           

Q                 ق                         

G                 گ                        

H/h                  ه                           

Y                  ی                                  

̔                    ع                                                                                                     

’                  همزه                       

V                 و                          

e                    اِ                          

U               اُ                          

ū             او

ī                ای

2- Abbreviations

1. p. without place of publication
2. d. no date
3. compare

op.cit.       In the work cited

Ibid.          at the same place  

Idem         the same person 

vol.           volume (in the books) 

1. Page
2. following page
3. following pages  
4. footnote

sic           thus, so (hākadhā fī al-matn)

1. translated by
2. number

et al.        and others

ad hoc.    For this case only

1. circa = about, approximately
2. loc. the place (dhayl)

Ad. anno Domini = Gregorian (Christian) year
ah. anno Hegirai = Hijrah (Muslim) year
Ar.     Arabic
bc.     before Current Christ/era
c.       century
cf. confer = compare
ch.     chapter
d.      died
ed.     editor, edition, edited by
fl. flourished
ibid. ibidem = in the same place
lit.      literally
p., pp. page(s)
Q      Qurʾān
r.      ruled
s.v. sub verbo = under the entry
viz. videlicet = namely
vol., vols. volume(s)

EQ   Encyclopaedia of the Qur’an

EI²  Encyclopaedia of Islam (new second version)

EI³  Encyclopaedia of Islam (third version)

EIr  Encyclopaedia Iranica

ER¹   Encyclopedia of Religion

EIs  Encyclopaedia Isfahanica